This transna­tion­al ser­i­al prop­er­ty com­pris­es eleven spa towns, locat­ed in sev­en Euro­pean coun­tries: Baden bei Wien (Aus­tria), Spa (Bel­gium) Frantis?kovy La?zne? Karlovy Vary Maria?nske? La?zne? (Czechia) Vichy (France) Bad Ems Baden-Baden Bad Kissin­gen (Ger­many) Mon­te­ca­ti­ni Terme (Italy) and City of Bath (Unit­ed King­dom). All of these towns devel­oped around nat­ur­al min­er­al water springs. They bear wit­ness to the inter­na­tion­al Euro­pean spa cul­ture that devel­oped from the ear­ly 18th cen­tu­ry to the 1930s, lead­ing to the emer­gence of grand inter­na­tion­al resorts that impact­ed urban typol­o­gy around ensem­bles of spa build­ings such as baths, kurhaus and kur­saal (build­ings and rooms ded­i­cat­ed to ther­a­py), pump rooms, drink­ing halls, colon­nades and gal­leries designed to har­ness the nat­ur­al min­er­al water resources and to allow their prac­ti­cal use for bathing and drink­ing. Relat­ed facil­i­ties include gar­dens, assem­bly rooms, casi­nos, the­atres, hotels and vil­las, as well as spa-spe­­cif­ic sup­port infra­struc­ture. These ensem­bles are all inte­grat­ed into an over­all urban con­text that includes a care­ful­ly man­aged recre­ation­al and ther­a­peu­tic envi­ron­ment in a pic­turesque land­scape. Togeth­er, these sites embody the sig­nif­i­cant inter­change of human val­ues and devel­op­ments in med­i­cine, sci­ence and bal­ne­ol­o­gy.